9. Personality (Ch 11)

Self-report inventories (Ex: MMPI-2)
- 587 questions
- reliable and valid
- lie scale: “faking good”
Projective tests
- projection to assess unconscious
- Rorschach Inkblot Test
- Thematic apperception test (TAT)

Personality growth
- proactive
- conscious process
- self-development
Personality adjustment
- reactive
- coping with challenges of life
- cultural components

Psychoanalytic approach: Sigmund Freud
- Motives behind behavior: sex and aggression
- Id
  - biological
  - pleasure principle
  - "I want it, and I want it now"
- Ego
  - realistic
  - reality principle
  - "You cann't always get what you want"
- Superego
  - social
  - morality principle
- Anxiety
  - conflict over how to behave
  - defense mechanisms
  - "I don't believe it, it can't be, it can't be true."
  - "No, I don't believe it."
- Psychosexual stages
  - anal, oral, phallic, latent and genital
  - Electra and Oedipal complex
  - castration anxiety and penis envy
Humanistic approach: Carl Rogers
- Person-centered theory
- Strive for Congruence:
  - Self concept: what we think we’re like
  - True self: talents, desires, thoughts and feelings we have
  - Ideal self: would like to be
- Conditions of worth
  - imposed by parents
  - “must”, “should”
- Unconditional positive regard
  - Empathic
  - Accepting and genuine
Social-cognitive approach
- How people think about themselves and relate to the world around them
- Reciprocal determinism
  - how people think, behave and interact with their environment determines consistency of behavior
  - Cognitive dissonance
Trait / Individual-difference approach
- Measuring ways people differ
- Self-report questionnaires
- The Big Five (Five Factor Model)
  - factor analysis
  - OCEAN

Self-concept
- self image, self consciousness
- understanding of unchanging characteristic
- social, physical, psychological
Self-esteem
- extent accept or approve of self
- how much value self
- reaction of others,comparison with others, social roles, identification

9. Personality